Revival Reformation Classics: Can Change the World Again.

THE SYSTEM OF MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

BY

ASA MAHAN, D.D., LL.D.

ANALYSIS.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

PRINCIPLES OF INDUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION.

Principles Stated

No Facts Omitted, and None Assumed

Facts Unlike will be Separated in Classes

Principle of Classification of the Faculties

Like Facts Referred to the Same Faculty

Unlike Facts Referred to Separate Faculties

The Number of Faculties as the Classes of Facts

Determination of the Laws of Mind

They Must be Consistent with the Facts

They Must be Contradicted by None

They Must Explain All

CHAPTER II.

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL PHENOMENA AND FACULTIES.

Phenomena Classified

Classification Verified

By Comparing the Classes

By the Testimony of Consciousness

By Substantive Terms

By Qualifying Terms

By Universal Acceptance

Faculties Implied by the Classification

Intellect

Sensibilities

Will

Mental Faculties Defined

PART I.

THE INTELLECT.

CHAPTER I.

INTELLECTUAL PHENOMENA.

Principle of Classification

Contingent and Necessary Ideas Defined

Idea of Body Contingent

Idea of Space Necessary

Idea of Succession Contingent

Idea of The Necessary

Ideas of the Finite and the Infinite

Ideas of Mental Phenomena and Personal Identity

Idea of Mental Phenomena Contingent and Relative

Idea of Personal Identity Necessary

Division of Necessary Ideas

Conditional

Unconditional

Idea of Substance Explained

Idea of External Phenomena Contingent

Idea of Substance Necessary

Idea of Substance Clear and Distinct

Ideas of Events and Cause

Idea of Events Contingent, of Cause Necessary

Idea of Power Necessary

CHAPTER II.

PRIMARY FACULTIES.

All knowledge From Two Sources

Perceived or Contingent Ideas

Implied or Necessary Ideas

Logical Order of these Ideas

Chronological Order of these Ideas

Primary Intellectual Faculties

Knowledge by Perception Classified

From Sense or External Perception

From Consciousness or Internal Perception

Primary Faculties Classified

Consciousness or Internal Perception

Sense or External Perception

Reason or Sense of Implied Knowledge

These Faculties, Why Called Primary

All Simple Ideas are from One of These

All Complex Ideas are Composed from These

Why Called Intuitive?

Fundamental Error of Locke

Error of the German School

CHAPTER III.

CONSCIOUSNESS.

Consciousness Defined

Immediate and Mediate Knowledge

Knowledge by Consciousness Immediate

Knowledge by Consciousness has Absolute Validity

Objects of Consciousness

I-Myself

Personality and Identity

Error of Stewart

An Objection Answered

Natural and Philosophical Consciousness

Consciousness a Distinct Faculty

True Theory Verified by

The Universal Conviction of Mankind

All Nations Having a Specific Term for it

Unlikeness to all other Mental Phenomena

Virtual Recognition of all Philosophers

The Object of Consciousness Prior to the State

CHAPTER IV.

SENSE.

Distinguished from Sensation

Spontaneous and Voluntary Sense

Organs of Sense and their Office

Objects of Perception

Province of Philosophy,-Facts

Validity of Sense and Consciousness

Theory of External Perception

Theory Verified

Qualities of Matter

Primary Qualities

Secundo-Primary Qualities

Secondary Qualities

Representative and Presentative Knowledge

Qualities of Matter, How Known

Error of Philosophers

Existence of Matter, Ideal or Real ?

Matter not a Mere Force

Is Color a Primary or Secondary Quality?

CHAPTER V.

REASON.

Reason Defined

Sphere of Reason

Primary and Secondary Ideas of Reason

Validity of Knowledge by Reason

Mistake Concerning Knowledge a Priori

Error of President Hickok

CHAPTER VI.

SECONDARY FACULTIES.

Understanding Defined

Source of Error

Notions and Conceptions Classified

Valid and Invalid

Complete arid Incomplete

Spontaneous and Reflective

Individual, Generic and Specific

Concrete and Absolute

Positive, Privative and Negative

Concrete and Characteristic

Inferior and Superior

Conceptions, not Perceptions Recalled

A Fact often Attending Perception

Mistake of Mr. Stewart

Mistake of Coleridge

CHAPTER VII.

JUDGMENT.

Faculty Defined

Acts of Judgment Classified

Quantity

Quality

Relations

Modality

Intuitive and Deductive

Empirical and Rational

General Characteristics

Predicate Identical with the Subject

Subject Implies the Predicate

Incompatibility of Objects

Act of Judgment in Generalization

Abstraction

General Notions

Abstract Notions

Universal and Necessary Ideas

Classification

Terms of Classification

Classification, in what Sense Arbitrary

Genera and Species

Generalization

Rules of Generalization

Inferred Judgments or Reasoning

Basis of Valid Deduction

The Syllogism

Figures of the Syllogism

Distribution of Terms

Constituent Elements of Propositions

Rules for Distribution of Terms

Conversion of Propositions

Rules for Conversion

Simple

By Limitation

By Negation of the Predicate

Facts and Principles of Science

Relation of Facts to Principles

Conditions of Deduction in Science

Hypotheses and Assumptions in Science

Judgment, How Improved

Error in Philosophy

CHAPTER VIII.

ASSOCIATION.

Term Defined

Why Preferred

Not without Law

Law of Association

Phenomena of Association Explained

Facts Otherwise Inexplicable

Facts of Analogy

Phenomena of Dreaming

Phenomena of Somnambulism

Facts of Diseases

Why Different Objects Excite Similar Feelings

From Resemblance Between the Objects

From Similar Relations to our Nature

From Relation of Objects

From Accidental Associations

Mistake Concerning Association

Association in Different Individuals

Influence of Habit

Standards of Taste and Fashion

Changes in Such Standards

Genius Associated with Judgment

Genius without Taste

Vicious Associations

Unfounded Prejudices

Slander and Libel

Influence of Association on Mental Traits

CHAPTER IX.

MEMORY AND RECOLLECTION.

Terms Defined

States of Mind in Memory

Past Feeling Revived

Simple Apprehension of the Object

Revival of Circumstances

Above Verified

From Consciousness

From Mode of Recalling

Distinct and Easy Recollection

Conditions of Distinct Impressions

Attention

Circumstances

State of the Mind

Diversities of Memory

Philosophic

Local

Artificial

Ready and Retentive Memory

Powers of Memory

Improvement of Memory

Distinctness of Impressions

Distinct Conceptions

Systematize Knowledge

Converse and Write

Exercise the Memory

Memory of the Aged

Duration of Memory

CHAPTER X.

THE IMAGINATION.

Imagination Defined

Illustration

Distinguished from Fancy

Spontaneous and Reflective Imagination

View of Coleridge

Its Creations not Always Fictions

Imagination not Confined to Poetry

Law of Taste as to Imagination

Imagination the Source of Ideals

Idea Defined

Ideals Explained

Particular and General

Not Confined to Beauty and Sublimity

Not Changeless

Foundation of Mental Progress

Ideals Divine and Human

Taste Defined

Imagination without Taste

Productions of Imagination and Fancy

Improvement of Imagination

CHAPTER XI.

REASON RESUMED.

Secondary Ideas of Reason

Idea of Right and Wrong

Universal

Necessary

The Foundation of Obligation

Chronological Antecedents

Power to Know Self and Relations

Actual Perception of Relations

Power to Act or Refuse

Idea of Fitness

Synonymous with the Idea of Right and Wrong

Idea of the Useful, or the Good

The Sunum Bonum

Ideas of Liberty and Necessity

Liberty and Will

Their Chronological Antecedents

Idea of the Beautiful and the Sublime

These Ideas in the Mind

Objections to their Universality

Idea of the Savage

Degrees of Development

Influence of Defects

Fundamental Agreement

All Persons Agree as to Some Forms

Chronological Antecedents

Illustration from Cousin

Idea of Harmony

Poetry Defined

Idea of Truth

Its Chronological Antecedent

Idea of Law

Law Subjective and Objective

Inference from the Above

Its Chronological Antecedent

Nature of Proof

Fundamental and Superficial Thinkers

The Philosophic Idea

Idea of Science

Pure Sciences

Mixed Sciences

Conscience

Authority of Conscience

Objections

Conscience as Used in the Bible

Relation of Reason to Other Faculties

Reason Common to all Men

CHAPTER XII.

LAWS OF INVESTIGATION.

Investigation and Reasoning Distinguished

Substances, How Known

Purposes of Induction

To Discover Attributes

To Classify into Genera and Species

To Discover General Facts

To Discover Universal Laws

Principles of Induction

Rules for Classification

Rules for the Discovery of General Facts

probable and Improbable

Order of Sequence

Rules for the Discovery of Laws

Testimony

Its Characteristics

Grounds of Credibility of a Witness

Veracity

Capacity

Observation of Facts

No Deception or Forgetfulness

Agreement of Words and Conduct

Corroborating Circumstances

Absence of Motives to Falsify

Presence of Motives to Deny

If Facts Accord with Our Experience

Facts Accord with Character of the Agent

Reveal Traits in the Agent before Unknown

Concurrent Testimony

Each Witness Credible

Concurrence in Material Facts

Characters of Witnesses Different

One States what Another Omits

Apparent Contradictions

Undesigned Coincidences

CHAPTER XIII.

INTELLIGENCE IN BRUTES.

Foundation of Argument

Resemblance between Men and Brutes

Man Scientific, Brutes not

Man Progressive, Brutes not

Man a Moral Agent, Brutes not

Facts Applied

PART II.

THE SENSIBILITIES.

CHAPTER I.

RECAPITULATION.

The Diversities and Relations of the Sensibilities

Characteristics of the Phenomena

Necessary

Transitory

One Excludes or Modifies Another

Like or Unlike Impulses

Each Tends to Unlimited Gratification

Destitute of Moral Qualities

Importance of the Subject

CHAPTER II.

SENSIBILITIES CLASSIFIED.

Classification

Terms Defined

Sensations

Emotions

Desires

Propensities

Appetites

Affections

Principles

Passions

CHAPTER III.

ANIMAL PROPENSITIES.

Sensations

Appetites

Arise from the Body

Are Occasional

Produce Uneasy Sensations

General Facts

Number

Accompanied by Pleasure

Highest Enjoyment in Temperance

When Unperverted a Safe Guide

Effects of Restraint and Excess

Artificial Appetites

CHAPTER IV.

THE EMOTIONS.

The Emotions Classified

Causes Classified

Distinguished from Desires

Emotions as Ground of Happiness

Ideas of Happiness and Misery

Transient and Permanent Emotions

Growth and Decay of Emotions

Concordant and Discordant Emotions

Sympathetic and Repellant Emotions

Congruous and Incongruous Emotions

Agreeable and Disagreeable Emotions

CHAPTER V.

MENTAL PROPENSITIES.

The Affections

Love of Society

Love of Kindred

Love of Sexes

Love of Friends

Love of Home

Love of Country

Love of the Species

Love of Benefactors

Love of God

Characteristics of the Affections

CHAPTER VI.

THE DESIRES.

Classified

The Desire of Continued Existence

The Desire of Action

The Desire of Knowledge

The Desire of Esteem

The Desire of Power

The Desire of Authority

The Desire of Imitation

The Desire of Superiority

The Desire of Hoarding

The Desire of Order

Remarks upon the Desires

CHAPTER VII.

GENERAL ACTIVE PRINCIPLES.

Classification

Self-Defense

Self-Love

Conscience

Love of Justice

CHAPTER VIII.

COMPLEX PHENOMENA.

Characteristics

Classes

Wishing

Lusting

Covetousness

Holiness, Virtue and Vice

Selfishness

Hatred, Wrath, Malice

Gluttony

Licentiousness

Avarice

Revenge

Pride

Emulation

Ambition

Jealousy

CHAPTER IX.

RELIGIOUS PROPENSITIES.

Repentance

Faith

Love

Patience

Humility

The Filial Spirit

A Spirit of Forgiveness

Forbearance

Condescension

Meekness

Just Hatred

PART III.

THE WILL.

Point in Question

Liberty and Necessity Defined

Free Agent Defined

How the Question Must be Answered

Testimony of Consciousness

Evidence from Inspiration

Objections

Divine Foreknowledge

The Will as the Strongest Motive

Conscious of Choosing; not of Liberty

Relations of the Will to the Motives

Universal Principle as to Will

Intention, Choice, Volition, Preference

Points of Agreement

Idea of Liberty

The Will Subject to Habit